Dab tsi yog Cov Teeb Pom Kev Xav Tau rau Coral Reef Tank?

Yog vim li cas reef tank teeb pom kev zoo xav tau kev saib xyuas ntau dua - thiab kev nqis peev ntau - dua li cog cov dej tsis qab los rau hauv ib qho kev sib raug zoo lom neeg: corals thiab zooxanthellae.

Feem ntau cov reef-tsev coral tsis yog photosynthetic lawv tus kheej. Lawv tuav ntau lab tus tib-celled symbiotic algae hu ua zooxanthellae (hais tias zo-zan-THEL-ee) hauv lawv cov ntaub so ntswg. Cov algae photosynthesis, tsim cov suab thaj uas muab txog li 90% ntawm coral lub zog xav tau. Lub coral muab cov algae nrog vaj tse thiab CO₂ thiab cov as-ham uas lawv xav tau. Nws yog kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo - thiab zooxanthellae tag nrho nyob ntawm lub teeb koj muab.

Yuav ua li cas thaum teeb pom kev tsis ncaj ncees lawm

Thaum lub teeb tsis txaus, zooxanthellae tsis tuaj yeem photosynthesize zoo, coral poob nws lub zog tseem ceeb, thiab cov chaw loj hlob. Lub coral kuj tseem tuaj yeem tshem tawm nws cov zooxanthellae thaum ntxhov siab los ntawm qhov kub thiab txias lossis lwm yam - txheej txheem hu ua coral bleaching - uas tawm hauv coral dawb thiab muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tshaib plab.

Thaum lub teeb ntau dhau los ntawm cov coral tau yoog rau, muaj ntau hom kev ntxhov siab tshwm sim: zooxanthellae tsim cov pa oxygen ntau dhau uas ua rau cov nqaij mos ua kom puas, ua rau raug tshem tawm. Cov tshuaj dawb tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm ob qho tib si me me thiab ntau dhau lub teeb - qhov tseem ceeb uas feem ntau glossed hauv cov lus qhia pib.

Natural Reef Light Ib puag ncig

Cov tsiaj qus reef corals muaj nyob rau ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm qhov tob: los ntawm cov pas dej ua ke uas PAR tuaj yeem tshaj 2,000 μmol / m² / s thaum nruab hnub, mus txog 30-40 meter qhov tob qhov PAR yuav qis dua 10 µmol / m² / s. Cov spectrum hloov nrog qhov tob heev - liab wavelengths yog absorbed los ntawm seawater sai npaum li xiav, yog li cov dej tob yog nce xiav ntau dua - tseem ceeb.

Qhov tob no -spectrum kev sib raug zoo yog vim li cascoral reef thoob dej yug ntses teeb pom kev zoofeem ntau yog xiav- hnyav piv rau cov dej tsis qab cog lub tank teeb - nws yog replicating xiav-qhov tseem ceeb spectrum ntawm dej hiav txwv ib puag ncig.

Ua ntej dhia mus rau hauv cov txiaj ntsig tshwj xeeb, kev nkag siab txog qhov ntsuas tiag tiag pab koj txhais cov khoom lag luam lossis cov ntawv tshawb fawb.

PAR - Photosynthetically Active Radiation

PAR ntsuas tus naj npawb ntawm photons nyob rau hauv lub 400-700nm wavelength ntau ncav cuag ib qhov chaw ib ob, qhia nyob rau hauv micromoles ntawm photons ib square meter ib ob (µmol / m² / s). Nws yog ntsuas ntawm ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb hauv lub tank - feem ntau ntawm qhov npaj coral qhov chaw tso chaw - siv lub quantum sensor lossis PAR meter.

PAR yog qhov kev ntsuas tseem ceeb rau kev ntsuam xyuas seb corals puas tau txais lub teeb txaus los tsav zooxanthellae photosynthesis. Nws yog tus lej uas koj yuav pom tau hais ntau zaus hauv cov khoom siv cog qoob loo, thiab nws yog tus lej uas koj yuav tsum tau ua ntej thaum ntsuas lossis teeb meem koj lub teeb pom kev zoo.

PUR - Photosynthetically Siv tau hluav taws xob

PUR refines PAR los ntawm qhov hnyav wavelengths raws li zooxanthellae chlorophyll absorbs lawv. Lub zooxanthellae nyob rau hauv coral muaj qhov nqus siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv xiav (430–450nm) thiab liab (650–680nm) ranges - yog li lub teeb pom kev zoo nrog cov zis muaj zog ntawm cov wavelengths no yuav tsim cov coral photosynthesis ntau dua ib chav ntawm PAR dua li lub teeb hnyav hauv ntsuab tawm -yellow.

Qhov kev cuam tshuam zoo: LED thoob dej yug ntses lub teeb rau coral reef nrog rau kev mob siab rau xiav thiab liab channel muab lub zog siv tau ntau dua rau coral zooxanthellae ib watt tshaj qhov dav - spectrum dawb LED ntawm tib PAR nyeem. PUR-kev ua tau zoo tseem ceeb thaum sib piv cov teeb nrog cov lus thov PAR zoo sib xws.

Spectrum - Blue -White Ratio

Spectrum piav qhia txog kev faib cov wavelengths ib lub teeb tsim. Rau reef tso tsheb hlau luam, qhov sib piv tseem ceeb yog xiav (420–480nm) rau dawb (qhov dav dav nyob ib puag ncig 6,000–10,000K). Cov neeg ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws feem ntau khiav xiav ntau dua li dawb - qhov piv ntawm qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm 60/40 thiab 80/20 xiav- rau -dawb rau SPS- cov tso tsheb hlau luam tseem ceeb, lossis 50/50 txog 60/40 rau kev sib xyaw lossis LPS- kev teeb tsa tseem ceeb

Qhov kev tsom xam xiav no ua haujlwm rau ob lub hom phiaj: nws zoo dua rov ua dua lub ntuj dej hiav txwv spectrum, thiab xiav wavelengths yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws absorbed los ntawm zooxanthellae. UV channels (350–400nm) kuj txhawb cov coral fluorescent proteins - cov zaub ntsuab, yellows, thiab liab uas ua rau reef corals yog li visually spectacular.

Ntau dua li ib lub hom phiaj PAR universal, xav hauv ntau yam - thiab nkag siab tias cov no yog cov ntsiab lus pib, tsis yog cov tshuaj kho. Cov coral colonies ntawm tus kheej hloov mus rau lawv cov keeb kwm teeb pom kev zoo, yog li kev txhawb nqa ib txwm tseem ceeb.

Cov kab no xav tias noj qab nyob zoo, acclimated corals. Lub coral yuav los ntawm lub khw muag khoom tsis pom kev yuav xav tau maj mam nthuav tawm pib ntawm qhov kawg ntawm nws qhov ntau.

Yog vim li cas Reef Tanks xav tau xiav dua li cov dej qab zib cog Tank

Zooxanthellae chlorophyll peaks ntawm qhov sib txawv wavelengths tshaj li cov nroj tsuag terrestrial chlorophyll. Rau reef tso tsheb hlau luam, 420-480nm ntau yam (dub xiav mus rau violet) tshwj xeeb tshaj yog zoo ntawm kev tsav tsheb zooxanthellae photosynthesis. Tshaj li photosynthesis, cov xim xiav no ua rau cov fluorescent proteins hauv ntau hom coral, ua rau cov xim zoo nkauj uas cov neeg khaws cov pob zeb muaj nqis.

Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb xyoo 2020 luam tawm hauv Coral Reefs pom tias corals khaws cia nyob rau hauv xiav - lub teeb pom kev zoo ntawm LED pom tau tias zooxanthellae ceev thiab chlorophyll concentration ntau dua piv rau qhov sib npaug ntawm -PAR dawb- dominated lub teeb - lees paub tias muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm tag nrho cov teeb pom kev zoo.

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm UV hauv Coral Health

Luv- wavelength UV channels (350–400nm, qee zaum ua lag luam raws li "violet" channels) ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb: lawv txhawb kev tsim cov mycosporine-zoo li amino acids (MAAs) hauv cov ntaub so ntswg coral - ntuj UV- cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas tseem ua rau coral colouration. Kev tshawb fawb luam tawm nyob rau hauv Photochemistry thiab Photobiology (2019) pom tias corals raug UV tsim nyog-Ib qib tau pom muaj ntau dua cov xim tiv thaiv thiab cov xim muaj xim fluorescent ntau dua li cov corals khaws cia hauv qab pom - teeb{10}}tsuas yog tej yam kev mob.

Actinic Teeb: Nws yog dab tsi thiab thaum nws tseem ceeb

Actinic hais tshwj xeeb rau lub teeb nyob rau hauv 420-460nm xiav ntau yam uas yog keeb kwm muab los ntawm kev mob siab rau actinic fluorescent hlab nyob rau hauv reef tso tsheb hlau luam. Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub LED systems, lub actinic tso zis yog muab tso rau hauv xiav channel LEDs. Ua haujlwm "actinic-tsuas" theem thaum pib thiab xaus ntawm lub sijhawm photoperiod - nrog cov kab xiav ntawm cov zis nruab nrab ua ntej thiab tom qab lub ntsiab dawb / tag nrho- lub sijhawm spectrum - simulates lub ntuj ceeb tsheej hnub tuaj thiab hnub poob hauv dej hiav txwv thiab yog ib qho kev coj ua ntawm cov neeg paub txog reef keepers.

Tsis zoo li cov dej tshiab cog tso tsheb hlau luam qhov twg 8-10 teev yog tus qauv, reef tso tsheb hlau luam feem ntau siv cov qauv ntau dua nuanced photoperiod:

Ib yam peb -theem reef photoperiod:

Ua ntej- kaj ntug actinic theem (1–2 teev): xiav raws nkaus xwb ntawm 20–40% siv, simulating tob- xiav thaum sawv ntxov

Lub sijhawm photoperiod tseem ceeb (8-10 teev): Tag nrho cov spectrum ntawm kev ua haujlwm siv, xiav thiab dawb raws ntawm qib programmed

Tshaj tawm -pub tsaus ntuj actinic theem (1–2 teev): xiav raws nkaus xwb, fading maj mam mus rau xoom

Cov qauv no muab tag nrho lub teeb- nyob rau lub sijhawm 10-14 teev, tab sis qhov siab - siv puv- spectrum theem feem ntau yog 8-10 teev - txaus rau zooxanthellae photosynthesis yam tsis txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm algae.

Kev sib raug zoo tseem ceeb npaum li lub sijhawm. Kev tshuaj xyuas xyoo 2021 hauv Phau Tsom Faj Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb Marine Biology thiab Ecology pom tias corals khaws cia nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm photoperiods pom zoo zooxanthellae ceev txoj cai thiab txo cov cim kev ntxhov siab dua li corals ntawm cov sij hawm sib txawv - txawm tias tag nrho cov koob tshuaj txhua hnub sib npaug. Lub programmable timer uas khiav tib lub sijhawm txhua hnub yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv lub tank reef zoo li hauv lub tank cog.

Niaj hnub nimno siab - zoocoral reef thoob dej yug ntses teeb pom kev zooLED fixtures muaj feem ntau superseded hlau halide rau kev teeb tsa tshiab - lawv xa qhov sib npaug lossis zoo dua PAR nrog ib feem ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, tso cai rau kev ua haujlwm ncaj qha hla ntau txoj kab, thiab muab kev pabcuam ntev dua. Kev tswj xyuas kom sov ib leeg yog qhov tseem ceeb: cov khoom siv hlau halide niaj hnub ua kom sov lub tank reef los ntawm 2-4 degree, yuav tsum tau chillers uas ntxiv cov nqi khiav hauj lwm thiab qhov nyuaj.

Kev tshawb fawb luam tawm tas li txhawb nqa ntau lub hauv paus ntsiab lus rau reef tank teeb pom kev zoo:

Txoj kev tshawb nrhiav thaj av hauv Marine Ecology Progress Series (2017) tau kos npe PAR- kev loj hlob kev sib raug zoo hauv 12 hom SPS coral. Txhua hom pom tau tias muaj kev loj hlob siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv ib lub qhov rais PAR tshwj xeeb, nrog kev loj hlob poob qis heev saum toj thiab hauv qab lub qhov rais - lees paub tias ob qho tib si tsis txaus thiab ntau dhau yog teeb meem.

Kev tshawb fawb luam tawm nyob rau hauv PLOS ONE (2020) pom tias corals nyob rau hauv xiav -tseem ceeb LED illumination tswj zooxanthellae ceev dua thiab ua kom muaj calcification ntau dua ib chav tsev ntawm lub teeb zog dua corals nyob rau hauv sib npaug -PAR dawb LED - txhawb lub spectrum tshwj xeeb ntawm cov duab zooxanthella.

A 2022 meta- kev tshuaj xyuas hauv Coral Reefs tshuaj xyuas 38 qhov kev tshawb fawb ntawm reef LED kev ua tau zoo pom tias LED systems nrog programmable xiav, dawb, thiab UV channel tau ua tiav coral loj hlob tus nqi sib npaug rau cov txheej txheem hlau halide, thaum muab cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj xyuas cua sov thiab spectrum adjustability.

Lub Koom Haum Pabcuam Kev Lom Zem thiab Tshuab Technology (ESTA) tau hais txog cov txheej txheem teeb pom kev zoo hauv nws cov qauv ua haujlwm rau cov chaw nyob, suav nrog cov thoob dej yug ntses pej xeem. ESTA cov kev taw qhia rau coral thiab reef zaub systems tshwj xeeb tshaj yog paub ntau yam -channel LED teeb pom kev zoo nrog programmable spectrum tswj raws li qhov kev coj ua zoo tshaj plaws tam sim no rau kev tshaj lij dej pov thawj kev tswj hwm - hais txog kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev lom zem, kev siv hluav taws xob, thiab ntev- lub sij hawm kev ntseeg siab uas niaj hnub LED tshuab muab piv rau cov cuab yeej cuab tam qub. Qhov kev lees paub txog kev ua haujlwm no qhia txog dab tsi reef cov neeg zov me nyuam tau pom ntau ntxiv los ntawm kev xyaum: qhov programmability ntawm cov khoom siv niaj hnub LED tsis yog ib qho yooj yim feature, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev tswj hwm kev noj qab haus huv coral.

Ib tus neeg nyiam dej hiav txwv thoob dej yug ntses hauv Singapore tau khiav 300-litre sib xyaw reef tank - ua ke ntawm tawv coral, ntau hom LPS (Roj rauj, Torch, thiab Favia hlwb coral), thiab kev loj hlob ntawm Montipora phaj corals raws li lawv thawj SPS ntxiv. Thawj qhov teeb pom kev zoo yog ib khub ntawm T5 cov khoom qub qub uas tau ua haujlwm tau ob xyoos nrog cov qij qub.

Tom qab pom tias cov cheeb tsam Montipora tau loj hlob qeeb thiab pom cov xim txo qis, thiab tias Hammer corals tsis txuas mus rau lawv qhov loj me, tus neeg zov me nyuam hu rau Sunhingstones rau kev ntsuas teeb pom kev zoo.

PAR ntsuas nyob rau hauv T5 teeb tsa uas twb muaj lawm pom cov substrate - qib nyeem ntawm 35–60 µmol/m²/s thoob plaws lub tank - txaus rau cov tawv corals thiab LPS, tab sis ho qis dua 150–250 µmol/m²/s xav tau rau lub Montipora.

Sunhingstones tau muab cov khoom siv niaj hnub ntau-channel LED thoob dej yug ntses rau cov ntawv thov coral reef, hloov ob lub T5 units. Lub fixture featured nws tus kheej tswj tau xiav, dawb, thiab UV raws nrog lub programmable 24- teev sijhawm nrog rau ob -teev actinic pre- thiab post-theem thiab 9-teev lub sijhawm photoperiod. Tom qab kev teeb tsa PAR nyeem tau pom 120–160 µmol / m² / s thoob plaws thaj chaw loj coral, nrog rau 200–250 µmol / m² / s ntawm cov pob zeb sab saud uas tau muab tso rau ntawm Montipora.

Plaub -lub limtiam maj mam ua raws li txoj cai tau siv - pib ntawm 50% ntawm lub hom phiaj siv thiab nce 10% hauv ib lub lis piam.

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm 12 lub lis piam: Montipora cov cheeb tsam pom pom kev loj hlob tshiab ntawm cov npoo, rov qab mus rau lawv cov yam ntxwv ntshav - xim xiav (lawv tau ua xim av nyob rau hauv lub teeb tsis txaus T5). Rauj thiab Torch corals tau nthuav dav ntxiv thaum nruab hnub. Cov tawv corals pom tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab teb rau lub teeb ntxiv. Zero bleaching tshwm sim thoob plaws qhov kev hloov pauv.

Coral reef teeb pom kev zoo yog ib qho khoom siv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kev txiav txim siab hauv lub tank reef. Lub biology yog qhov tseeb: zooxanthellae xav tau cov wavelengths tshwj xeeb ntawm kev siv zog kom koj cov corals noj qab nyob zoo, loj hlob, thiab muaj xim. Tau lub hom phiaj PAR txoj cai rau koj cov coral sib xyaw, khiav ib qho kev sib raug zoo -tsim photoperiod ntawm lub programmable timer, thiab xaiv lub teeb nrog cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj es tsis yog kev thov kev lag luam.

Ntawm Sunhingstones, peb tsim coral reef thoob dej yug ntses teeb pom kev zoo LED systems nrog ntau -channel programmable spectrum tswj, luam tawm PAR cov ntaub ntawv kev ua tau zoo, thiab kev txhawb nqa rau cov ntawv thov reef keeper los ntawm cov pib sib xyaw reefs mus rau qib siab SPS- kev teeb tsa tseem ceeb

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